Statistics paper 1. The researchers analyzed the data they collected as though it were at what level of measurement? A.

Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval/ratio D. Experimental 2. What was the mean posttest empowerment score for the

control group? 3. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the experimental group. Was this an expected

finding? Provide a rationale for your answer. 4. Compare the mean baseline and posttest depression scores of the control group. Do

these scores strengthen or weaken the validity of the research results? 5. Which groups test scores had the least amount of

variability or dispersion? 6. Did the empowerment variable or self-care self-efficacy variable demonstrate the greatest amount of

dispersion? Provide a rational for your answer. 7. The mean (X) is a measure of _________ _______ of a distribution while the

SD is a measure of _____________ of its scores. Both x and SD are ______ statistics. 8. What was the mean severity for renal

disease for the research subjects? What was the dispersion or variability of the renal disease severity scores? Did the severity

scores vary significantly between the control and the experimental groups? Is this important? Provide a rational for your answer.

9. Which variable was least affected by the empowerment program? Provide a rational for your answer. 10. Was it important

for the researchers to include the total means and SDs for the study variables in Table 2 to promote the readers’ understanding of

the study results? Provide a rationale for your answer. _______________________________________________________________ STATISTICAL

TECHNIQUE IN REVIEW The mean ( X¯ ) is a measure of central tendency for a set of data and is the arithmetic average calculated for

the data. The standard deviation (SD) is a measure of dispersion and is the average amount of points by which the scores of a

distribution vary from the mean. When the scores of a distribution deviate from the mean considerably, the SD or spread of scores

is large. When the degree of deviation of scores from the mean is small, the SD or spread of the scores is small. Both the X¯ and

SD are descriptive statistics calculated to describe study variables (Burns & Grove, 2007). Introduction Tsay and Hung (2004)

conducted a randomized controlled trial examining the effectiveness of an empowerment program on empowerment level, self-care

self-efficacy, and depression in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The researchers used the Empowerment Scale, the

Strategies Used by People to Promote Health Tool, and the Beck Depression Inventory to collect data from the patients on their

level of empowerment, self-care self-efficacy, and depression, respectively. The scales were administered to both the control (n =

25) and the experimental (n = 25) groups at baseline and 6 weeks after the program was completed. The control group, experimental

group, and total sample’s empowerment, self-care self-efficacy, and depression baseline and posttest means and standard deviations

are presented below. EXPERIMENT (n = 25) CONTROL (n = 25) TOTAL (n = 25) Empowerment Baseline Post-test Variables Mean SD Mean SD

Mean SD Baseline 98.40 9.19 97.08 8.99 97.74 9.02 Post-test 105.04 7.28 97.12 8.73 101.08 8.91 Self-care self-efficacy Baseline

89.56 14.88 93.00 13.62 91.28 14.02 Post-test 96.00 13.55 91.40 10.55 93.70 12.24 Depression Baseline 14.00 11.31 10.40 10.34 12.20

10.88 Post-test 13.36 10.55 10.40 10.34 11.88 10.45 Tsay, S. L., & Hung, L. O. (2004). Empowerment of patients with end-stage renal

disease: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of nursing Studies, 41 (1), p. 62.

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