Which of the following has the primary function of attaching muscles to fixed points?

 1. Which of the following has the primary function of attaching muscles to fixed points?
 a. Superfi cial fascia
 b. Deep fascia
 c. Subcutaneous tissue
 d. Aponeuroses
 2. Which of the following muscles is not a paired muscle?
 a. Pyramidalis muscle
 b. External oblique
 c. Rectus abdominis
 d. Transverse abdominis
 3. Which of the following is an anatomical area where vessels can enter and exit the abdominal cavity and is a potential site for hernias?
 a. Linea alba
 b. Inguinal canal
 c. Umbilicus
 d. Rectus sheath
4. Which of the following is a true statement about the right crus of the diaphragm?
 a. It can be seen sonographically anterior to the abdominal aorta
 b. It is shorter than the left crus of the diaphragm
 c. It can be seen anterior to the IVC
 d. It appears anterior to the caudate lobe
5. Which of the following muscles is not part of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
 a. Pyramidalis muscle
 b. Psoas muscle
 c. Rectus abdominis
 d. External oblique
6. Which statement regarding the diaphragm is FALSE?
a. The right dome of the diaphragm is slightly higher than the left
 b. The diaphragmatic apertures allow the esophagus, blood vessels, and nerves to pass between the chest and abdomen
 c. The central portion of the diaphragm descends during inspiration and ascends during expiration
 d. Due to diaphragmatic contraction, the IVC dilates during inspiration
 7. Which transducer is best suited for a sonographic examination of the superfi cial abdominal wall?
 a. 12 MHz linear array
 b. 4 MHz curved array
 c. 3 MHz phased array
 d. 4 MHz linear array
8. Which of the following is an infl ammatory response?
 a. Hematoma
 b. Hernia
 c. Abscess
 d. Lipoma
9. In order to determine if an abscess is intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal, what structure must the sonographer demonstrate?
 a. Linea alba
 b. Peritoneal line
 c. Rectus abdominus
 d. Diaphragm
10. Which of the following may be a contraindication to sonography-guided aspiration?
 a. Septations within the abscess
 b. Particulate debris fl oating within the abscess
 c. An anechoic abscess with increased through transmission
 d. An echogenic abscess
11. Which of the following statements regarding hematomas is FALSE?
 a. Postsurgical hematomas are usually retroperitoneal
 b. The echogenicity and sonographic appearance of
a hematoma will vary depending on its age
 c. The most common superfi cial abdominal wall hematomas occur within the rectus sheath
 d. Hematomas are associated with muscular trauma that results in hemorrhage
 12. What is the most common content in an abdominal wall hernia?
 a. Liver
 b. Bowel
 c. Free fl uid
 d. Fat
 13. Which of the following is not a ventral hernia?
 a. Umbilical
 b. Inguinal
 c. Hypogastric
 d. Epigastric
12 PART 1 — ABDOMINAL SONOGRAPHY
14. What is the most common type of ventral hernia?
 a. Umbilical
 b. Inguinal
 c. Hypogastric
 d. Epigastric
15. Which of the following is the most common benign tumor of the abdominal wall?
 a. Desmoid tumor
 b. Sarcoma
 c. Neuroma
 d. Lipoma
16. Which of the following typically occurs when a nerve is damaged during surgery?
 a. Desmoid tumor
 b. Sarcoma
 c. Neuroma
 d. Lipoma
17. Which of the following is another term for pleural effusion?
 a. Hydrothorax
 b. Ascites
 c. Eventration
 d. Pneumothorax
18. Which of the following is an abnormal elevation of the diaphragm due to a developmental anomaly?
 a. Pleural effusion
 b. Eventration
 c. Diaphragmatic paralysis
 d. Diaphragmatic hernia
19. Over half of infants born with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia die from what medical condition?
 a. Cardiac failure
 b. Infection
 c. Renal failure
 d. Respiratory failure
20. Which of the following may be seen in the thoracic cavity in a fetus with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia?
 a. Liver
 b. Spleen
 c. Stomach
 d. All of the above may be seen

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